Complexity Theory: the study of the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science.

1. Von Bertalanffy (1930-1940’s)- General System Theory - study of system, independent of its parts
2. Shannon (1948) - Information Theory - No communication is error free - noise in channel was information in and of itself
3. Lorenz (1993) - Chaos Theory - unpredictability of outcomes due to small changes in initial conditions
4. Mandelbrot (1997) - Fractal Theory - Something that inhibits partial dimensionality - fractals exhibit consistent complexity regardless of the scale at which they are observed.